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Advaxis, Inc. 0001100397 10-Q 2018-07-31 false --10-31 Accelerated Filer ADXS Q3 2018

1. NATURE OF OPERATIONS Advaxis, Inc. (“Advaxis” or the “Company”) is a late-stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of proprietary Listeria monocytogenes (“Lm”) based antigen delivery products. The Company is using its Lm platform directed against tumor-specific targets in order to engage the patient’s immune system to destroy tumor cells. Through a license from the University of Pennsylvania, Advaxis has exclusive access to this proprietary formulation of attenuated Lm called Lm Technology. Advaxis’ proprietary approach deploys a unique mechanism of action that redirects the immune system to attack cancer in three distinct ways by: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 48px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 48px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">Alerting and training the immune system by activating multiple pathways in antigen-presenting cells (“APCs”) with the equivalent of multiple adjuvants;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">Attacking the tumor by generating a strong, cancer-specific T cell response; and</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">●</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">Breaking down tumor protection through suppression of the protective cells in the tumor microenvironment (“TME”) that shields the tumor from the immune system. This enables the activated T cells to begin working to eliminate the tumor.</td></tr> </table> Advaxis’ proprietary Lm platform technology has been clinically validated and dosed in over 500 patients across multiple clinical trials and in various tumor types. The Company believes that Lm Technology immunotherapies can complement and address significant unmet needs in the current oncology treatment landscape. Specifically, our product candidates have the potential to work synergistically with other immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors, while having a generally well-tolerated safety profile. Going Concern and Managements Plans The Company’s products that are being developed have not generated significant revenue. As a result, the Company has suffered recurring losses and requires significant cash resources to execute its business plans. These losses are expected to continue for an extended period of time. The aforementioned factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of asset amounts or the classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. Historically, our major sources of cash have comprised proceeds from various public and private offerings of our common stock, option and warrant exercises, and interest income. From October 2013 through August 2018, we raised approximately $245 million in gross proceeds from various public and private offerings of our common stock. As of July 31, 2018 and August 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $40.4 million and $36.3 million, respectively, in cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents. Management’s plans to mitigate an expected shortfall of capital, to support future operations, include raising additional funds. On September 7, 2018 the Company announced the pricing of an underwritten public offering which is expected to gross $20 million in proceeds. It is the belief of the Company, that should the financing close on September 11, 2018 the Company expects to have sufficient capital to fund its obligations, as they become due, in the ordinary course of business through September 2019. The actual amount of cash that it will need to operate, is subject to many factors. The Company also recognizes it will need to raise additional capital in order to continue to execute its business plan in the future. There is no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or that management will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company or whether the Company will become profitable and generate positive operating cash flow. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient additional funds, it will have to scale back its operations.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Basis of Presentation/Estimates The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC with respect to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and the accompanying unaudited condensed balance sheet as of October 31, 2017 has been derived from the Company’s October 31, 2017 audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements furnished include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year financial statements to conform to classifications used in the current year. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the timelines associated with revenue recognition on upfront payments received, the fair value and recoverability of the carrying value of property and equipment and intangible assets, the grant date fair value of options, deferred tax assets and any related valuation allowance and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. These unaudited interim condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements of the Company for the year ended October 31, 2017 and notes thereto contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2017, as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited in accounts with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality and at times exceed the federally insured limits. The Company had not experienced losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk. Restricted Cash and Letters of Credit During July 2017 and January 2018, the Company established two letters of credit with a financial institution as security for the purchase of custom equipment and as security for application fees associated with the Company’s Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”) in Europe. The letters of credit are collateralized by cash which is unavailable for withdrawal or for usage for general obligations. No amount is outstanding under either letter of credit as of July 31, 2018. Net Income (Loss) per Share Basic net income or loss per common share is computed by dividing net income or loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share give effect to dilutive options, warrants, restricted stock units and other potential common stock outstanding during the period. In the case of a net loss, the impact of the potential common stock resulting from warrants, outstanding stock options and convertible debt are not included in the computation of diluted loss per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive. In the case of net income, the impact of the potential common stock resulting from these instruments that have intrinsic value are included in the diluted earnings per share. The table sets forth the number of potential shares of common stock that have been excluded from diluted net loss per share. <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">As of July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 70%; line-height: 107%">Warrants</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,092,395</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 11%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,094,173</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Stock Options</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,298,869</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,893,558</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Restricted Stock Units</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">706,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,527,693</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,097,771</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,515,424</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> Recent Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. Subsequently, the FASB has issued the following standards related to ASU 2014-09: ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (“ASU 2016-08”); ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”); ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”); and ASU No. 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2016-20”). The Company must adopt ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2016-20 with ASU 2014-09 (collectively, the “new revenue standards”). The new revenue standards may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. We are currently evaluating which transition approach we will utilize and the impact of adopting this accounting standard on our unaudited condensed financial statements. This update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (“Topic 842”) (“ASU 2016-02”). The standard amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU 2016-02 will be effective beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Early adoption of ASU 2016-02 is permitted. The new leases standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s financial statements. Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on the accompanying condensed financial statements.

3. SHORT-TERM INVESTMENT SECURITIES The following table summarizes the Company’s short-term investment securities at amortized cost as of October 31, 2017 (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Amortized cost, as adjusted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Gross unrealized holding gains</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Gross unrealized holding losses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Estimated fair value</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Short-term investments:</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="width: 39%; line-height: 107%">Certificates of Deposit</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11,391</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> -</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> -</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 10%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11,391</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Domestic Governmental Agency Loans</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">500</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">500</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">U.S Treasury Notes</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">34,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">25</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">34,482</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%">Total short-term investment securities</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">46,398</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">25</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">46,373</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> As of July 31, 2018, all of the Company’s short-term investment securities have matured.

4. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Leasehold improvements</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,255</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,168</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Laboratory equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,510</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,381</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Furniture and fixtures</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">746</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">729</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Computer equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">409</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">395</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Construction in progress</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">627</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">645</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total property and equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,547</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,318</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Accumulated depreciation and amortization</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(2,034</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,207</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Net property and equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,513</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,111</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> Depreciation expense for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $0.3 million, $0.8 million, $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

5. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Intangible assets, net consist of the following (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Patents</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">6,351</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,727</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Licenses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">777</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">777</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Software</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">117</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">109</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total intangibles</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,245</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">6,613</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Accumulated amortization</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,968</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,756</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Intangible assets</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,277</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,857</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> The expirations of the existing patents range from 2018 to 2038 but the expirations can be extended based on market approval if granted and/or based on existing laws and regulations. Capitalized costs associated with patent applications that are abandoned without future value are charged to expense when the determination is made not to pursue the application. Patent applications having a net book value of approximately $0.1 million, $0.4 million, $0.02 million and $0.1 million were abandoned and were charged to research and development expenses in the Statement of Operations for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense for intangible assets aggregated approximately $0.1 million, $0.3 million, $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At July 31, 2018, the estimated amortization expense by fiscal year based on the current carrying value of intangible assets is as follows (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">Year ended October 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 82%; line-height: 107%">2018 (Remaining)</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">99</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2019</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">394</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2020</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">377</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2021</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">357</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2022</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">357</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Thereafter</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,693</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,277</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

6. ACCRUED EXPENSES: The following table represents the major components of accrued expenses (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Salaries and other compensation</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,627</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,653</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vendors</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">797</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,812</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Professional fees</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,494</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,235</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%">Total accrued expenses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,918</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,700</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

7. WARRANTS At July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017, the Company had 3,092,395 warrants outstanding at a weighted average exercise price of $5.00 and a weighted average remaining contractual life of 0.17 and 0.92 years, respectively. At July 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017, all of the Company’s outstanding warrants were classified as equity (equity warrants). At issuance, equity warrants are recorded at their relative fair values, using the relative fair value method, in the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. The Company’s equity warrants can only be settled through the issuance of shares and are not subject to anti-dilution provisions.

8. SHARE BASED COMPENSATION The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense included in the Statement of Operations (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Three Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Nine Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 49%; line-height: 107%">Research and development</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 10%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">543</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,517</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,342</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,271</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">General and administrative</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,409</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12,853</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,645</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">20,423</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,952</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">14,370</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,987</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">24,694</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 is as follows: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Number of RSUs</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 54%; line-height: 107%">Balance at October 31, 2017</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,363,119</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 19%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> 8.54</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Granted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">380,424</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.96</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vested</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(714,518</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7.82</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Cancelled</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(322,518</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8.39</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Balance at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">706,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.78</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> As of July 31, 2018, there was approximately $3.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of 1.57 years. As of July 31, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of non-vested RSUs was approximately $1.0 million. Employee Stock Awards Common Stock issued to executives and employees related to vested incentive retention awards, employment inducements, management purchases and employee excellence awards totaled 215,267 shares (190,247 shares on a net basis after employee taxes) and 463,985 shares (452,084 shares on a net basis after employee taxes) during the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 respectively. Total stock compensation expense associated with employee awards for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $0.9 and $4.3 million, respectively Common Stock issued to executives and employees related to vested incentive retention awards, employment inducements, management purchases and employee excellence awards totaled 669,044 shares (623,687 shares on a net basis after employee taxes) and 717,505 shares (674,543 shares on a net basis after employee taxes) during the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 respectively. Total stock compensation expense associated with employee awards for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $2.9 million and $7.3 million, respectively. Included in compensation expense for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018 is approximately $110,000 and $320,000, respectively, recognized as a result of the modification of certain RSU’s associated with the resignation of the Company’s Chief Financial Officer in April 2018 and Chief Operating Officer in June 2018. Pursuant to the separation agreements, the vesting was accelerated on all of the outstanding RSU’s. Director Stock Awards Common stock issued to Directors for compensation related to board and committee membership totaled 45,000 and 0 shares for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, total stock compensation expense associated with Director awards was approximately $71,000 and $102,000, respectively. Common stock issued to Directors for compensation related to board and committee membership totaled 75,000 and 30,000 shares for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, total stock compensation expense associated with Director awards was approximately $178,000 and $302,000, respectively. Stock Options A summary of changes in the stock option plan for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 is as follows: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Number of Options</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Weighted-Average Exercise Price</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Outstanding at October 31, 2017:</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,893,558</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12.51</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Granted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,473,460</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2.08</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Canceled or Expired</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,068,149</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">10.66</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Outstanding at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,298,869</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8.01</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vested and Exercisable at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,936,262</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12.22</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table> Total compensation cost related to the Company’s outstanding stock options, recognized in the statement of operations for the three months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $0.9 million and $9.7 million, respectively. For the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, compensation cost related to the Company’s outstanding stock options was approximately $2.9 million and $15.9 million, respectively. Included in compensation expense for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2018 is approximately $0 and $77,000, respectively, recognized as a result of the modification of certain option agreements associated with two Board members that decided not to run for re-election in March 2018. For the modified options, the vesting was accelerated and the expiration dates were changed to the earlier of the original expiration date or March 21, 2023. During the nine months ended July 31, 2018, 2,473,460 options were granted with a total grant date fair value of approximately $4.0 million. During the nine months ended July 31, 2017, 556,952 options were granted with a total grant date fair value of approximately $3.5 million. As of July 31, 2018, there was approximately $3.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock option awards, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of 2.19 years. As of July 31, 2018, the aggregate intrinsic value of vested and exercisable options was $0. In determining the fair value of the stock options granted during the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company used the following inputs in its BSM: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Nine Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Expected Term</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.35 - 6.51 years</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.50-6.50 years</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Expected Volatility</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">94.61% - 100.34</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">107.07%-110.93</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 62%; line-height: 107%">Expected Dividends</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Risk Free Interest Rate</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.81 - 2.93</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.26%-1.58</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> </table> 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan - update with ’18 Plan During the nine months ended July 31, 2018, the Company issued 10,681 shares that were purchased in fiscal 2017 under the 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). The Advaxis, Inc. 2018 ESPP was approved by the Company’s shareholders on March 21, 2018. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a 15% discount to the closing market price on designated exercise dates. 1,000,000 shares of the Company common stock are reserved for issuance under the ESPP.

9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES : Legal Proceedings Bono On August 20, 2015, a derivative complaint was filed by a purported Company stockholder in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey styled David Bono v. O’Connor, et al., Case No. 3:15-CV-006326-FLW-DEA (D.N.J. Aug. 20, 2015) (the “Bono Action”). The complaint was based on general allegations related to certain stock options granted to the individual defendants and generally alleged counts for breaches of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. The complaint also alleged additional claims for violation of Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and for waste of corporate assets. The complaint sought damages and costs of an unspecified amount, disgorgement of compensation obtained by the individual defendants, and injunctive relief. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Bono Action. On May 23, 2016, the Court issued an opinion and order granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. On October 5, 2016, the Court denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of its May 23 order. On April 13, 2017, the parties advised the Court that they had reached a tentative agreement in principle to settle the action, subject to negotiating an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses to plaintiff’s counsel and a stipulation of settlement, and, ultimately, Court approval. The parties subsequently executed the stipulation of settlement on October 2, 2017. The Court entered an order preliminarily approving the settlement on November 7, 2017. The final fairness hearing was held January 29, 2018, and the Order and Final Judgment approving the settlement and dismissing the action with prejudice was entered on January 29, 2018. This matter is now concluded. Corporate Office & Manufacturing Facility Lease The Company leases its corporate office and manufacturing facility under an operating lease expiring in November 2025. Future minimum payments under the Company’s operating leases are as follows (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">Year ended October 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 82%; line-height: 107%">2018 (remaining)</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">262</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2019</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,107</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2020</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,233</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2021</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,318</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2022</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,369</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Thereafter</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,378</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,667</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

11. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY During the nine months ended July 31, 2018, the Company sold 881,629 shares of its common stock at-the-market transactions resulting in net proceeds of approximately $2.7 million. During February 2018, the Company issued 10,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock in a public offering at $2.00 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions. The net proceeds to the Company from the transaction was approximately $18.4 million. On March 21, 2018, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase our authorized shares of common stock by 30,000,000 to 95,000,000.

12. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On September 4, 2018, The Company granted a license to OS Therapies LLC for the use of ADXS31-164, also known as ADXS-HER2, for evaluation in the treatment of osteosarcoma in humans. Under the terms of the license agreement, OS Therapies LLC, in collaboration with the Children’s Oncology Group, will be responsible for the conduct and funding of a clinical study evaluating ADXS-HER2 in recurrent, completely resected osteosarcoma. The Company will receive an upfront payment, reimbursement for product supply and other support, clinical, regulatory, and sales-based milestone payments, and royalties on future product sales. On September 7, 2018, the Company announced the pricing of an underwritten public offering of 16,666,666 shares of its common stock and warrants to purchase up to 14,166,666 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock is being sold together in a fixed combination with a warrant to purchase 0.85 shares of common stock. The warrants will be exercisable immediately, will expire six years from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price of $1.50 per share, subject to anti-dilution adjustments. The gross proceeds of the offering to the Company are expected to be approximately $20 million, before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses, and excluding the exercise of any warrants. The closing of the offering is expected to occur on or about September 11, 2018, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The shares of common stock will be sold pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333- 226988) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 23, 2018 and declared effective on August 30, 2018.

Basis of Presentation/Estimates The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC with respect to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and the accompanying unaudited condensed balance sheet as of October 31, 2017 has been derived from the Company’s October 31, 2017 audited financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim condensed financial statements furnished include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year financial statements to conform to classifications used in the current year. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and the related disclosures at the date of the financial statements and during the reporting period. Significant estimates include the timelines associated with revenue recognition on upfront payments received, the fair value and recoverability of the carrying value of property and equipment and intangible assets, the grant date fair value of options, deferred tax assets and any related valuation allowance and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. These unaudited interim condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements of the Company for the year ended October 31, 2017 and notes thereto contained in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2017, as filed with the SEC on December 21, 2017.

Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. All of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited in accounts with financial institutions that management believes are of high credit quality and at times exceed the federally insured limits. The Company had not experienced losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk.

Net Income (Loss) per Share Basic net income or loss per common share is computed by dividing net income or loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share give effect to dilutive options, warrants, restricted stock units and other potential common stock outstanding during the period. In the case of a net loss, the impact of the potential common stock resulting from warrants, outstanding stock options and convertible debt are not included in the computation of diluted loss per share, as the effect would be anti-dilutive. In the case of net income, the impact of the potential common stock resulting from these instruments that have intrinsic value are included in the diluted earnings per share. The table sets forth the number of potential shares of common stock that have been excluded from diluted net loss per share. <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">As of July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 70%; line-height: 107%">Warrants</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,092,395</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 11%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,094,173</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Stock Options</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,298,869</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,893,558</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Restricted Stock Units</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">706,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,527,693</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,097,771</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,515,424</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

Recent Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. Subsequently, the FASB has issued the following standards related to ASU 2014-09: ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (“ASU 2016-08”); ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing (“ASU 2016-10”); ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients (“ASU 2016-12”); and ASU No. 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2016-20”). The Company must adopt ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2016-20 with ASU 2014-09 (collectively, the “new revenue standards”). The new revenue standards may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption. We are currently evaluating which transition approach we will utilize and the impact of adopting this accounting standard on our unaudited condensed financial statements. This update will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2019. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (“Topic 842”) (“ASU 2016-02”). The standard amends the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU 2016-02 will be effective beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Early adoption of ASU 2016-02 is permitted. The new leases standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on the Company’s financial statements. Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material impact on the accompanying condensed financial statements.

The table sets forth the number of potential shares of common stock that have been excluded from diluted net loss per share. <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">As of July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 70%; line-height: 107%">Warrants</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,092,395</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 11%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,094,173</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Stock Options</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,298,869</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,893,558</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Restricted Stock Units</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">706,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,527,693</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,097,771</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,515,424</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

The following table summarizes the Company’s short-term investment securities at amortized cost as of October 31, 2017 (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Amortized cost, as adjusted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Gross unrealized holding gains</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Gross unrealized holding losses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Estimated fair value</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Short-term investments:</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="width: 39%; line-height: 107%">Certificates of Deposit</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11,391</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> -</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 12%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> -</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 10%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11,391</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Domestic Governmental Agency Loans</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">500</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">500</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">U.S Treasury Notes</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">34,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">25</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">34,482</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%">Total short-term investment securities</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">46,398</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">-</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">25</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">46,373</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Leasehold improvements</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,255</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,168</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Laboratory equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,510</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,381</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Furniture and fixtures</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">746</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">729</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Computer equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">409</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">395</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Construction in progress</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">627</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">645</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total property and equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,547</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,318</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Accumulated depreciation and amortization</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(2,034</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,207</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Net property and equipment</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,513</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,111</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

Intangible assets, net consist of the following (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Patents</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">6,351</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,727</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Licenses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">777</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">777</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Software</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">117</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">109</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total intangibles</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7,245</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">6,613</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Accumulated amortization</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,968</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,756</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Intangible assets</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,277</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,857</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

At July 31, 2018, the estimated amortization expense by fiscal year based on the current carrying value of intangible assets is as follows (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">Year ended October 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 82%; line-height: 107%">2018 (Remaining)</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">99</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2019</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">394</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2020</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">377</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2021</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">357</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2022</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">357</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Thereafter</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,693</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,277</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

The following table represents the major components of accrued expenses (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">October 31, 2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Salaries and other compensation</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,627</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,653</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vendors</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">797</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,812</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Professional fees</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,494</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,235</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%">Total accrued expenses</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,918</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8,700</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

The following table summarizes share-based compensation expense included in the Statement of Operations (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Three Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Nine Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 49%; line-height: 107%">Research and development</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 10%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">543</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,517</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,342</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 9%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,271</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">General and administrative</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,409</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12,853</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,645</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">20,423</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,952</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">14,370</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,987</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">24,694</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity and related information for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 is as follows: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Number of RSUs</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 54%; line-height: 107%">Balance at October 31, 2017</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,363,119</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 19%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> 8.54</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Granted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">380,424</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.96</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vested</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(714,518</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7.82</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Cancelled</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(322,518</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8.39</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Balance at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">706,507</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.78</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

A summary of changes in the stock option plan for the nine months ended July 31, 2018 is as follows: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Number of Options</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Weighted-Average Exercise Price</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; line-height: 107%">Outstanding at October 31, 2017:</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">3,893,558</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12.51</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Granted</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,473,460</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2.08</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Canceled or Expired</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">(1,068,149</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">)</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">10.66</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Outstanding at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5,298,869</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8.01</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Vested and Exercisable at July 31, 2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">2,936,262</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12.22</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

In determining the fair value of the stock options granted during the nine months ended July 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company used the following inputs in its BSM: <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">Nine Months Ended July 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2018</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%">2017</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Expected Term</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.35 - 6.51 years</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">5.50-6.50 years</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Expected Volatility</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">94.61% - 100.34</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">107.07%-110.93</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 62%; line-height: 107%">Expected Dividends</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">0</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Risk Free Interest Rate</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.81 - 2.93</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1.26%-1.58</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">%</td></tr> </table>

Future minimum payments under the Company’s operating leases are as follows (in thousands): <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">Year ended October 31,</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 82%; line-height: 107%">2018 (remaining)</td> <td style="width: 2%; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="width: 14%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">262</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2019</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,107</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2020</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,233</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2021</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,318</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">2022</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">1,369</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Thereafter</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4,378</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%">Total</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9,667</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"> </td></tr> </table>

Restricted Cash and Letters of Credit During July 2017 and January 2018, the Company established two letters of credit with a financial institution as security for the purchase of custom equipment and as security for application fees associated with the Company’s Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”) in Europe. The letters of credit are collateralized by cash which is unavailable for withdrawal or for usage for general obligations. No amount is outstanding under either letter of credit as of July 31, 2018.

10. INCOME TAXES On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act significantly revises U.S. corporate income taxation by, among other things, lowering the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35.0 % to 21.0% effective January 1, 2018. The decrease in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0% will result in a blended statutory tax rate of 23.2% for the fiscal year ending October 31, 2018. The Company does not anticipate any impact to tax expense due to the full valuation allowance of the Company and believes that the most significant impact on its financial statements will be reduction of approximately $32.7 million for the deferred tax assets related to net operating losses and other assets. Such reduction is offset by changes to the Company’s valuation allowance. In December 2017, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118, which allows a measurement period, not to exceed one year, to finalize the accounting for the income tax impacts of the Tax Act. Until the accounting for the income tax impacts of the Tax Act is complete, the reported amounts are based on reasonable estimates, are disclosed as provisional and reflect any adjustments in subsequent periods as they refine their estimates or complete their accounting of such tax effects.

52828483

9097771

8515424

3092395

5298869

3094173

3893558

706507

1527693

587000

977000

46398000

4453000

2986000

5046000

2919000

2323000

81243000

47780000

431000

489000

93642000

61059000

5121000

2842000

6995000

4476000

48000

874000

20864000

12110000

17479000

15317000

1039000

301000

39382000

27728000

41000

53000

355361000

382337000

-301142000

-349059000

54260000

33331000

93642000

61059000

0.001

5000000

0.001

41206538

52802360

41206538

52802360

4934000

10268000

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3052000

38703000

47750000

10800000

17794000

14495000

33101000

4495000

17995000

53198000

80851000

15295000

35789000

-48264000

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439000

514000

149000

184000

20000

-42000

-75000

-2000

-72000

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50000

-47917000

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-14017000

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-1.00

-1.74

-0.27

-0.80

47966672

40315356

52668919

40609794

40400000

36300000

245000000

20000000

All of the Company's short-term investment securities have matured.

46398000

11391000

500000

34507000

25000

46373000

11391000

500000

34482000

13000 82000

-27000

-3000

6000

-150000

1339000

3299000

-4453000

-2550000

58000

49000

-7030000

-3634000

-4681000

-10018000

88000

140000

-48924000

-58674000

-390000

12487000

73426000

58891000

38220000

1381000

3419000

1132000

960000

43501000

-39585000

21042000

706000

1000

22000

141000

87000

354000

458000 1548000

438000

1575000

20957000

521000

15534000

-97738000

112751000

23900000

15013000

39434000

50000

75000

86000

2168000

2255000

4381000

5510000

729000

746000

395000

409000

645000

627000

8318000

9547000

1207000

2034000

7111000

7513000

99000

394000

377000

357000

3693000

5277000

5727000

6351000

777000

109000 117000

6613000

7245000

1756000

1968000

4857000

5277000

2653000

1627000

2812000

797000

3235000

1494000

8700000

3918000

The expirations of the existing patents range from 2018 to 2038

424000

108000

100000

200000

288000

239000

100000

827000

554000

300000

200000

3092395

0.85

14166666

5.00

1.50

P11M1D

P2M1D

3400000

3200000

P1Y6M25D

1000000

669044

717505

215267

463985

75000

30000

45000

623687 674543 190247 452084

2900000

15900000

320000

900000

9700000

2900000

7300000

900000

4300000

110000

178000

302000

71000

102000

77000

2473460

556952

380424

4000000

3500000

P2Y2M8D

10681

1000000

1363119 706507

714518

1068149

322518

8.54 5.78

1.96

7.82

8.39

3893558

5298869

2936262

12.51

8.01

2.08

10.66

12.22

P5Y4M6D

P6Y6M3D

P5Y6M

P6Y6M

0.9461

1.0707

1.0034

1.1093

0.00

0.0181

0.0126

0.0293

0.0158

262000

1107000

1233000

1318000

1369000

4378000

9667000

0.210

0.232

32700000

881629

10000000

2700000

2.00

18400000

16666666

P6Y

2025-11-30

The U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). The Tax Act significantly revises U.S. corporate income taxation by, among other things, lowering the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35.0 % to 21.0% effective January 1, 2018. The decrease in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35.0% to 21.0% will result in a blended statutory tax rate of 23.2% for the fiscal year ending October 31, 2018.

0.15